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Nagel, T. (1974). What is it like to be a bat? Philosophical Review, 83, 435-450.
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Newell, A., & Simon, H. A. (1972). Human Problem Solving. Prentice Hall.
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Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological review, 84(3), 231-259.
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Place, U. T. (1971a). The infallibility of our knowledge of our own beliefs. Analysis, 31, 197-204. doi:10.1093/analys/31.6.197
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Download: 1971a The Infallibility of Our Knowledge about Our Own Beliefs.pdf
Place, U. T. (1977a). Twenty years on - "Is consciousness still a brain process?" Open Mind, 6,3-10.
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Download: 1977a Twenty Years On - Is Consciousness Still a Brain Process.pdf
Place, U. T. (1989a). Low claim assertions. In J. Heil (Ed.), Cause, mind and reality: Essays honoring C. B. Martin (pp. 121-135). Kluwer. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-9734-2_9
Keywords: colours, mind-brain identity theory, introspection, phenomenological fallacy, topic neutrality
[References] [4 citing publications] [4 referring publications by Place]
Download: 1989a Low claim assertions.pdf
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[Abstract]Behavior that solves a problem is distinguished by the fact that it changes another part of the solver's behavior and is strengthened when it does so. Problem solving typically involves the construction of discriminative stimuli. Verbal responses produce especially useful stimuli, because they affect other people. As a culture formulates maxims, laws, grammar, and science, its members behave more effectively without direct or prolonged contact with the contingencies thus formulated. The culture solves problems for its members, and does so by transmitting the verbal discriminative stimuli called rules. Induction, deduction, and the construction of models are ways of producing rules. Behavior that solves a problem may result from direct shaping by contingencies or from rules constructed either by the problem solver or by others. Because different controlling variables are involved, contingency-shaped behavior is never exactly like rule-governed behavior. The distinction must take account of (1) a system which establishes certain contingencies of reinforcement, such as some part of the natural environment, a piece of equipment, or a verbal community; (2) the behavior shaped and maintained by these contingencies; (3) rules, derived from the contingencies, which specify discriminative stimuli, responses, and consequences, and (4) the behavior occasioned by the rules.
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Skinner, B. F. (1969). Contingencies of reinforcement. Appleton-Century-Crofts.
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Titchener, E. B. (1896). An outline of Psychology. Macmillan.
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Titchener, E.B. (1909). Lectures on the experimental psychology of the thought processes Macmillan.
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Tolman, E. C. (1932). Purposive Behaviour in Animals and Men. University of California Press.
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Toulmin, S. (1961). Concept Formation in Philosophy and Psychology. In S. Hood (Ed.), Dimensions of Mind (pp. 191-203). Collier.
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Wertheimer, M. (1945). Productive Thinking. Harper.
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Wittgenstein, L. (1953). Philosophical Investigations (English translation by G. E. M. Anscombe). Basil Blackwell.
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Wundt, W. (1897). Outlines of Psychology [English translation by C. H. Judd of the Grundriss der Psychologie.] Engelmann.
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